What is the influence of loss of apex predators in marine ecosystem?

What is the influence of loss of apex predators in marine ecosystem?

There are four questions need to be answered according to four reading materials. For example, what alternate processes could possibly explain an increase in cow nose rays along the eastern coast of the US? Is there any evidence for these alternative hypotheses?

those are the four readings   and the question file is attached  

Assessment Criteria:

Goals: i) to critically evaluate scientific work, 2) to clearly summarize main findings, and 3) to extend published work to the design of novel research.

Answer preview :

marine ecosystem

Word limit : 1001 words