Briefly explain the “four (4)“pessimisms” how did each influence the field of development economics?

Briefly explain the “four (4)“pessimisms” how did each influence the field of development economics?

International Development Studies

  1. What were the “four (4)“pessimisms” and, briefly, how did each influence the field of development economics?
  2. What were the three (3) “countervailing” factors and, briefly, how did each suggest a course of action for the development economists.
  3. Hollis Chenery famously said, “factor prices do not reflect opportunity costs with any accuracy.” What did this sentence mean and what were its implications for development economics?
  4. What is a country’s exchange rate policy and how (and why) did this play such an important role in the implementation of import-substituting industrialization?
  5. What were the principal elements in the orthodox (conservative) explanation of why import-substituting industrialization failed?

 

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International Development Studies

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